Fig. 2

Identification of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells (BMSCs) and the Impact of MOF-Fe Nanoparticles on Cell Viability. A-C. Tri-lineage differentiation demonstrates that the extracted cells possess stem cell characteristics. D. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a positive CD44 expression rate of 96.31%, a positive CD90 expression rate of 97.61%, and a positive CD45 expression rate of only 0.22%. E. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays for cell viability demonstrating the nontoxic effect of MOF nanoparticle filtrates on BMSCs. F. No morphological changes in the cells were observed after cocultivation with the MOFs. G. The composition of thetranscription factor family, with the most significant sector representing the C2H2-type transcription factor. H. Differential gene expression between the control and MOF-0.5 groups revealed 285 genes, 227 of which were upregulated and 58 of which were downregulated. I. A heatmap was constructed to visualize the expression of specific genes, revealing a decrease in the expression of the iron metabolism-related gene Transferrin Receptor 2 (TfR2) and an increase in the expression of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP2) and its downstream pathway genes, including Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2 (RUNX2), Collagen Type I Alpha 1 Chain (COL1A1), and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP). J. The heatmap compares the expression levels of all genes between the two sample groups (represented by different colours), with a gradient from red (high expression) to green (low expression) indicating the level of gene expression change. K. Bar chart of Gene Ontology (GO) terms illustrating the distribution of genes in three main categories, biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions, providing an intuitive understanding of the breadth of gene function distribution. Each bar represents a GO term, with the length indicating the number of genes in that term. The data are presented as the means ± SDs (n = 3). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01